Chemistry of Natural Products ppt

is a chemical compound or substance produced by a living organism - found in nature that usually has a pharmacological or biological activity for use in pharmaceutical drug discovery and drug design.
A natural product can be considered as such even if it can be prepared by total synthesis.

STEREOCHEMITRY

The study of the static and dynamic aspect of the three dimensional shapes of molecules.
Objective

After completion of this chapter students will be able to:
describe the impact of the 3-D structure of compounds on their biological activity
define and classify isomerism
mention the causes of chirality
identify chirality centers
define optical activity
calculate specific rotation….
differentiate between stereoisomers
convert 3-D to 2-D
designate R/S configuration for molecules
explain resolution of racemic mixtures
discuss the significance of stereoisomerism in determining drug action and toxicity


CONTENTS

Isomerism
Chirality
Enantiomers
Optical activity
Racemic mixtures
Meso-Compounds
R/S configuration
Diastereomers
Fisher projection
Configuration and conformation

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HetroCyclic compounds ppt

Heterocyclic compounds are organic compounds that contain a ring structure containing atoms in addition to carbon, such as sulfur, oxygen or nitrogen, as the heteroatom.
The ring may be aromatic or non-aromatic.

Most naturally occurring heterocyclic compounds and the medicinally important ones contain N, O, S or their combinations
are electronegative
Polar centers
Sites for hydrogen bonding
Render organic molecules reactive (mainly by making them nucleophiles or bases)
These properties enable them to be biologically active

Two thirds of all organic compounds are aromatic heterocyclic.
Most pharmaceuticals are heterocyclic.







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Carbohydrates ppt

Contents:

General characteristics
Importance
Sources
Classification
Monosaccharides
Structures
Chemical reactions
Disaccharides
Chemistry and sources
Polysaccharides
Chemistry, sources and synthesis


Polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone or a larger molecule which can be hydrolyzed to a polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone or their derivatives

General characteristics

distributed widely in nature
the term carbohydrate is derived from the French: hydrate de carbone
compounds composed of C, H, and O
 (CH2O)n  when n = 5 then C5H10O5
not all carbohydrates have this empirical formula: deoxysugars, aminosugars
carbohydrates are the most abundant compounds found in nature (cellulose: 100 billion tons annually)

Most carbohydrates are found naturally in bound form rather than as simple sugars
Polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, inulin, gums)
Glycoproteins and proteoglycans (hormones, blood group substances, antibodies)
Glycolipids (cerebrosides, gangliosides)
Glycosides
Mucopolysaccharides (hyaluronic acid)
Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates have roughly as many O’s as C’s (highly oxidized)
sources of energy
intermediates in the biosynthesis of other basic biochemical entities (fats and proteins)
associated with other entities such as glycosides, vitamins and antibiotics
form structural tissues in plants and in microorganisms (cellulose, lignin, murein)
participate in biological transport, cell-cell recognition, activation of growth factors, modulation of the immune system

SOURCES:


Glucose is produced in plants through photosynthesis from CO2 and H2O
Glucose is converted in plants to other small sugars and polymers (cellulose, starch)





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Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins ppt

They are important primary metabolites
Many are pharmacologically active compounds
antibiotics
antitumor
allergens
anti-inflammatory agents
Important components in the discussions of drugs (distribution, action, elimination of drugs)
Closely associated with genetic makeup

 

 

Histamine a decarboxylated derivative of histidine plays an important role in mediating the body's response to allergic reactions.
L-DOPA, which is a derivative of tyrosine, has been used to treat Parkinson's disease.
Thyroxine, which is an iodinated ether of tyrosine, is a hormone that acts on the thyroid gland to stimulate the rate of metabolism.
 

Amino acids: contain a basic amino group and an acidic carboxyl group
Peptides: are joined as amides between the -NH2 of one amino acid and the –CO2H to the next amino acid (< 50 units )
Protein: large chains that have structural or catalytic functions in biology
 

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